[Research status of insect infestation of Chinese medicinal materials during storage].

During the storage process, Chinese medicinal materials are susceptible to insect infestation due to their own nature and external storage factors. Infestation by insects can have varying impacts on the materials. In mild cases, it affects the appearance and reduces consumer purchasing power, while in severe cases, it affects the quality, reduces medicinal value, and introduces impurities such as insect bodies, excrement, and secretions, resulting in significant contamination of the medicinal materials. This study reviewed the rele-vant factors influencing insect infestation in Chinese medicinal materials and the compositional changes that occur after infestation and summarized maintenance measures for preventing insect infestation. Additionally, it provided an overview of detection techniques applicable to identifying insect infestation during the storage of Chinese medicinal materials. During the storage process, insect infestation is the result of the combined effects of biological factors(source, species, and population density of insects), intrinsic factors(moisture, chemical composition, and metabolism), and environmental factors(temperature, relative humidity, and oxygen content). After infestation, there are significant changes in the content of constituents in the medicinal materials. By implementing strict pre-storage inspections, regular maintenance after storage, and appropriate storage and maintenance methods, the occurrence of insect infestation can be reduced, and the preservation rate of Chinese medicinal materials can be improved. The storage and maintenance of Chinese medicinal materials are critical for ensuring their quality. Through scientifically standardized storage and strict adherence to operational management standards, the risk of insect infestation can be minimized, thus guaranteeing the quality of Chinese medicinal materials.

[Analysis of factors related to oil-spilling and establishment of limit standards of Asparagi Radix].

Some samples of Asparagi Radix were collected from medical markets.Colors of Asparagi Radix were observed by human vision and recorded to judge whether samples were degenerative.Water content of Asparagi Radix was determined by a drying method.The chroma value and color difference were determined and calculated by a colorimeter.With the deepening of color,the L*value was decreased and a*and ΔE*values were increased.It showed that the results determined by colorimeter can replace the results of visual observation.An HPLC method was established and used to determine the contents of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(5-HMF) in Asparagi Radix.The results showed the 5-HMF contents were from 0.002 255 to 0.049 14 mg·g-1 in some samples with yellowish-white or yellowish-brown color,significantly increased from 0.080 80 to 0.105 1 mg·g-1 in some samples with brown color,and up to 1.033 mg·g-1 in an oil-spilling sample with dark brown color.This result demonstrated that the 5-HMF contents were significantly increased by accompanied with the deepening of color.There were the significant negatively correlation between the 5-HMF content and the L*value(P<0.01) and positively correlation between the 5-HMF content and the a*or ΔE*value(P<0.01) by the spearman analysis.The oil-spilling and qualified samples were clustered into two alone categories by the cluster analysis.That the limited standards of the 5-HMF content is not higher than 0.02% by HPLC method and of the L*value is not less than 50 by colorimeter method were suggested for Asparagi Radix.It is firstly reported the multiple-factor analysis about oil-spilling and discoloration and the establishment of limited standard of Asparagi Radix.

[Qualitative and quantitative research on sulfur fumigation of Angelicae Dahuricae Radix (Baizhi) by near-infrared spectroscopy].

The contents of coumarins in the sulfur fumigated Angelicae Dahuricae Radix (Baizhi, ADR) were reduced significantly. To achieve the quality control of ADR, the qualitative identification of sulfur fumigated ADR and quantitative model of imperatorin content should be established. The near-infrared (NIR) spectrograms of non-sulfur and sulfur fumigated ADR were collected by NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy technology and pretreated by the method of first derivative derivation and vector normalization. The Ward's Algorithm method was used for the cluster analysis. The non-sulfur and sulfur fumigated ADR can be quickly identified in the range of 8,806. 0-3 811.0 cm(-1) based on the cluster analysis. The NIR quantitative model of imperatorin was established by the contents of imperatorin determined by HPLC in combination with partial least squares regression analysis. According to the calibration model established in this study, correlation coefficients (R2), the root-mean-square error of cross-validation (RMSECV), and the root-mean-square error of prediction (RMSEP) for imperatorin were 0.982 8, 0.006 8, 0.011 8, respectively. The quantitative model of imperatorin can be applied to determine the content of imperatorin in ADR accurately.

[Chemical constituents contained in fatty oil from seeds of Cucumis sativus].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents contained in the seeds of Cucumis sativus. METHOD: The fatty oil was extracted by heating and refluxing with petroleum ether. Potassium hydroxide-methanol solution was used for saponification. An unsaponifiable matter was extracted by EtOAc and separated with various chromatographic methods. Its structure was identified on the basis of their physicochemical properties and spectral data. The fatty acid fraction was methyl-esterified and determined by GC. The composition and relative content of fatty acid were determined with normalization method of peak area. RESULT: 24-ethylcholesta-7, 22, 25-trienol (1), 24-ethylcholesta-7, 25-dienol (2) ,avenasterol (3), spinasterol (4), karounidiol (5) and isokarounidiol (6) were separated and identified from the unsaponifiable matter. Myristic acid (7, 0.12%), palmitic acid (8, 12.04%), palmitoleic acid (9, 0.09%), heptadecanoic acid (10, 0.06%), stearic acid (11, 5.64%), oleic acid (12, 6.95%), linoleic acid (13, 74.40%), arachidic acid (14, 0.19%), and alpha-linolenic acid (15, 0.51%) were identified from the fatty acids part. CONCLUSION: Compounds 5, 6, 9, 10, 14,and 15 were first reported in C. sativus.

[HPLC determination of chemical constituents produced in Radix Polygoni Multiflori after processing].

OBJECTIVE: To analysis the changes of two chemical constituents, namely 2, 3-dihydro-3, 5- dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (DDMP) and 5-hydryoxymethyl-furfural (5-HMF) produced in Radix Polygoni Multiflori after processing, with processing time, and to determine the contents of 5-HMF in samples of Radix Polygoni Multiflori and Radix Polygoni Multiflori preparata. METHOD: An HPLC method was applied with a Zobax SB-C18 (3.9 mm x 150 mm, 5 microm) column by a elution using methanol-water (10: 90) as the mobile phase. The detection was set at UV 280 nm. RESULT: The contents of DDMP were increasing with the processing time until 24 hour, followed by a decrease until 60 hour process. The contents of 5-HMF were increasing gradually throughout the 60 hour steaming process. The contents of 5-HMF in 11 samples of Radix Polygoni Multiflori preparata were from 0.013% to 0.101%, and only one in 4 samples of Radix Polygoni Multiflori containing trace amount of 5-HMF. CONCLUSION: The chemical components in Radix Polygoni Multiflori were changed during the processing procedures. Therefore, the processing of Radix Polygoni Multiflori should be controlled and standardized.

[Review about structure-function relationships of anthraquinone derivatives from Radix et Rhizoma Rhei].

It review the structure-function relationship of natural anthraquinone derivatives from Radix et Rhizoma Rhei. The anthraquinone derivatives had many identical activities because they have the identical mother nucleus; but the strength of their activities were different, because they have different substitution groups. The anthraquinone derivatives shown the obvious structure-function relationship in many respects, such as antioxygenation, antibiosis, anticancer, the influence of immunity and so on.

[Effects of testosterone and cortisol in sports fatigued organism by Chinese material medica of shixiang yaofa].

OBJECTIVE: To study the endogenous hormone of testosterone and cortisol that secretes volume and rhythm in sports fatigued human bodies and animals. To determine secretory volume and rhythm in sports fatigued human bodies and animals when Shixiang yaofa's drug are used. METHOD: Radio-immunity method was used to determine secretory volume and rhythm in sports fatigued human bodies and animals and to analyze secretory volume and rhythm. According to the secretory volume and rhythm of testosterone and cortisol, the Shixiang Yaofa's drugs were used. Doses: wenyang jihuo bead 10 g/sack 2 sack, ziyin xiuyang capsule 0.5 g/pill 8 pill pd in human bodies for 28 days. Wenyang jihuo bead 10 g x kg(-1) of crude drug, ziyin xiuyang capsule 4 g x kg(-1) of crude drug pd for hight doses in animals. Other groups for low doses 5 g x kg(-1) and 2 g x kg(-1) of crude drug pd for 15 days. The blood samples were collected for determination. RESULT: (1) In human bodies the peak value of testosterone was appeared in 8:00 and valley value was appeared in 18:00, ranges: 176.93-281.73 x 10(-5) mg x L(-1). The peak value of cortisol was appeared in 8:00 and valley value was appeared in 22:00, ranges: 1.31-16.13 x 10(-3) mg x L(-1). In the same condition, the mouse peak value of testosterone was appeared in 20:00 and valley value was appeared in 0:00, ranges: (0.56 x 10(-5) - 124.0 x 10(-5)) mg x L(-1). The rhythm in animals was compatible with human bodies, howerer, the peak value was delayed for 12 hours. (2) The testosterone was step up and the cortisol was cut down in sports fatigued human bodies and animals when shixiang yaofa's drug were used (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The secretion of testosterone and cortisol in sports fatigued human bodies and animals are existed conclusive biologic rhythm. The secretory volume can be available accommodation by shixiang yaofa's drugs.

[New chemical constituents from Radix Polygoni Multiflori after processing].

OBJECTIVE: To study the new chemical constituents from Radix Polygoni Multiflori after processing. METHODS: Various kinds of chromatographic methods were used to deparate the chemical constituents from Radix Polygoni Multiflori after processing. Their structures were determined by NMR and MS spectral data. RESULTS: The two new compounds were 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-meth-yl-4 (H)-pyran-4-one(I) and 5-hydruoxymethyl-furfuran(II). CONCLUSION: It is the first time that compound I and 1I were isolated from Polygoni.

[Chemical constituents in unsaponifiable matter from seeds of Trichosanthes hupehensis].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of unsaponifiable matter from the seed oil of Trichosanthes hupehensis. METHOD: The fatty oil from the seeds of T. hupehensis was extracted with petroleum ether. The saponification was carried out with potassium hydroxide. The unsaponifiable matter was isolated and purified by silica gel column chromatography. Their structures were elucidated by means of MS, IR, UV, and 1H-NMR. RESULT: Karounidiol, isokarounidiol, 5-dehydrokarounidiol, 7-oxodihydrokarounidiol, stigmast-7-en-3beta-ol, stigmast-7, 22-dien-3beta-ol, 10alpha-Cucurbitadienol, beta-sitosterol, stigmast-7, 22-dien-3beta-O-beta-D-glucoside were elucidated. CONCLUSION: All of these compounds were found in this plant for the first time.

[Chemical constituents of unsaponifiable matter from seed oil of Momordica cochinchinensis].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of unsaponifiable matter from the seed oil of Momordica cochinchinensis. METHOD: The fatty oil from the seeds of M. cochinchinensis was extracted with petroleum ether, and the saponification was carried out with potassium hydroxide. The unsaponifiable matter was isolated and purified by silica gel column chromatography, and the structures of their constituents were elucidated by means of IR, MS, 1H-NMR, and authentic chemicals. RESULT: Karounidiol (1), isokarounidiol (2), 5-dehydrokarounidiol (3), 7-oxodihydrokarounidiol (4), beta-sitosterol (5), stigmast-7-en-3beta-ol (6), and stigmast-7,22-dien-3beta-ol (7) were elucidated. CONCLUSION: These compounds were found in this plant for the first time.